Identifying the Most Common Hardwood Trees

Hardwoods or broadleafs  are trees  classed as angiosperms or plants with ovules enclosed for protection in an ovary. When appropriately watered on good fertile sites or fed  in the landscape with a special tree fertilizer mix, these ovules will rapidly develop into seeds. The  seeds then drop from trees as acorns, nuts, samaras, drupes and pods. Hardwoods have either simple or compound leaves. Simple leaves can be further divided into lobed and unlobed. Unlobed leaves may have a smooth edge (such as a magnolia) or a serrated edge (such as an elm). The most common North American tree is the red alder. It has oval-shaped leaves and a reddish-brown bark. They can grow as tall as 100 feet and are found mostly in the western United States and Canada. Difference Between Hardwood and Broadleaf Broadleaf  trees can be evergreen or they can persist in dropping their leaves over the entire  winter. Most are  deciduous and lose all their leaves over a short annual fall drop. These leaves can be either simple (single blades) or they can be​ compound with leaflets attached to a leaf stem. Although variable in shape, all hardwood leaves have a distinct network of fine veins. Here is a quick leaf identification key of the common hardwoods in North America. Hardwood: Trees with broad, flat leaves as opposed to coniferous or needled trees. Wood hardness varies among the hardwood species, and some are actually softer than some softwoods.Deciduous Perennial plants which are normally leafless for some time during the year.Broadleaf: A tree with leaves that are broad, flat and thin and generally shed annually. Difference Between Hardwood and Softwood The texture and density of the wood a tree produces puts it in either the hardwood or softwood category. Most hardwood trees are deciduous trees, which lose their leaves annually, like elm or maple. Softwood comes from a conifer (cone-bearing) or evergreen trees, such as pine or spruce. Ron Biedenbach / EyeEm / Getty Images The wood from hardwood trees tends to be harder because the trees grow at a slower rate, giving the wood its greater density. Most Common Hardwoods Unlike the conifers or softwood firs, spruce and pines, hardwood trees have evolved into a broad array of common species. The most common species in North America are oaks, maple, hickory, birch, beech and cherry. Forests, where a majority of their trees drop leaves at the end of the typical growing season, are called deciduous forests. These forests are found worldwide and are located in either temperate or tropical ecosystems. Deciduous trees, like oaks, maples, and elms, shed their leaves in the fall and sprout new ones every spring Common North American Hardwood List Here are some of the most common hardwood trees found in North America, along with their scientific names. ash  - Genus  Fraxinus  beech  - Genus  Fagus  basswood  - Genus Tilia  birch  - Genus  Betula  black cherry  Ã‚  - Genus  Prunus  black walnut/butternut  - Genus  Juglans  cottonwood  Ã‚  - Genus  Populus  elm  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Ulmus  hackberry  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Celtis  hickory  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Carya  holly  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  IIex  locust  - Genus  Robinia  and  Gleditsia  magnolia  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Magnolia  maple  - Genus  Acer  oak  - Genus  Quercus  poplar  Ã‚  - Genus  Populus  red alder  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Alnus  royal paulownia  Ã‚  - Genus  Paulownia  sassafras  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Sassafras  sweetgum  - Genus  Liquidambar  sycamore  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Platanus  tupelo  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Nyssa  willow  Ã‚  - Genus  Ã‚  Salix  yellow-poplar  - Genus  Liriodendron japatino / Getty Images

Recommending a Computer System - 997 Words

m Recommending a computer system By Mark Woods Contents Page Page 1: Title Page Page 2: Contents Page Page 3: Introduction Computer Systems Page 4: Computer Systems Cont. Page 5: Specification Comparison Table Internet and e-mail Conclusion 2 Introduction This is a report written for Sharon Woods. Sharon is a self-employed beautician who is in need of a computer system to use in her business and for personal use and so came to I for advice. Sharon has a beauticians in the city centre, But will also be using her computer system at home in her study. The computer system†¦show more content†¦And the 500GB hard drives on all of the laptops in this report are more than up to the task of storing all of Sharon’s music. To use internet in her beauticians, I would recommend Sharon would be best to look at some sort of USB dongle. However I would recommend she downloaded all of her music at home so as she didn’t eat into her data allowance. As for e-mail Sharon could create two separate e-mail accounts with windows hotmail as she could personalise her e-mail addresses to her liking. Conclusion The laptop I am going to recommend is the ACER Aspire S3-391 Ultrabook.Overall it is the best laptop for Sharon’s business and personal needs.It provides her with the software she needs to create her own advertisements, invoices, letters and to keep track of her accounts for her business. It also provides her with the ability to surf the internet and go shopping online as well as download music and due to the Acer having a DVD re-writer allow her to create her own CDs through windows media player. 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Editorial Essay Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

Question: Write theEditorial Essayfor Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. Answer: Introduction The power supply of Victoria might be at danger as the supplier of almost thirty percent of power requirements of Victoria, Loy Yang A, near Traralgon, south east Victoria, notified that it could sack the entire workforce after the ongoing dispute with the workers. The negotiation over the increase of wage is going on for almost last twelve months followed by an official strike by the union workers. After the workers reject the offer of having twenty percent rise in their wage in four years, the company has announced the termination of the agreement covering around five hundred workers, which technically means a heavy cut in the payment if the recent move by the company is succeeded. However, The Construction Forestry Mining and Energy Union had indicated that they might apply to Fair Work Commission in order to run a ballot to take the decisions of authorising the industrial action. After running the secret ballot, the management of the organization was quite disappointed with the o utcome, as around seventy per cent of workers had rejected the new payment offer. This dispute between the management and workers could lead to a serious threat to the energy supply of Victoria (Knepper et al., 2016). Discussion As reported before the workers have gone for a twenty four hour planned strike on the Christmas Day, which restored the threat of shutting down as the energy demand on the holidays increase in a good percentage. The primary concern of the company right now is to supply the required energy, as the rejection offer of the workers has raised the chance of jeopardising the energy supply (Shah et al., 2015). The stakeholders of the company can fall into serious trouble if the disruption gets another boom to it and the highly uncertain industrial disputation might put the business at risk. The district president of the union has blamed the company management of enhancing the dispute by saying that the company had rejected the chance of genuine negotiations and following an earlier policy of the company of bringing an end to the organizations while a dispute takes place. However, if anything of that sort happens to Loy Yang A, the power supply of the state might be seriously jeopardised. Our highest paid unit controllers would earn $3,000 a week, their pay would drop to $1,000 a week, so they would lose $100,000 a year," Mr Dyke, CFMEUs Victorian mining and energy division secretary said. The rejection of the compromise proposal by the Fair Work Commission, which proposed an annual rise of the five percent with no changes in superannuation, had also been rejected by the workers. According to the union, despite providing forced redundancies, the proposal could result in loosing around thirty six jobs. This disputative situation now requires a serious move by the directors and the management of the company, as the situation is getting uglier by the course of time and both the parties are at continuous loss due to their conflict of interest (Agoritsas et al., 2016). The management is expected to meet these obligations in the commercial field, but it is their primary responsibility to work beyond the legal and commercial fields and get an end to the dispute exercising his power and influence in the company. Conclusion The general manager of Loy Yang A had stated that the outcome of the compromise proposal is disappointing for them as this was quite an impartial one retaining the generous pay and other conditions of the company. He has called the votes being uncertain and stated that the employees could face a loss in the payment and conditions and decided to cancel the agreement seeing the case going against the general sense. The directors of the company have kept the consumers at the top priority and tried to resolve the issue. This has been a clear case of conflict of interest, where the employees have given priority to their own good, but the management has kept the consumers at the top of the priority list Grosser et al., 2014). The directors should consider both the relevant parties and then come to a final decision, and that could lead to a peaceful outcome. Reference List Agoritsas, T., Neumann, I., Mendoza, C., Guyatt, G. H. (2016). Guideline conflict of interest management and methodology heavily impacts on the strength of recommendations: comparison between two iterations of the American College of Chest Physicians Antithrombotic Guidelines.Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. Cosgrove, L., Krimsky, S., Wheeler, E. E., Peters, S. M., Brodt, M., Shaughnessy, A. F. (2017). Conflict of Interest Policies and Industry Relationships of Guideline Development Group Members: A Cross-Sectional Study of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Depression.Accountability in Research,24(2), 99-115. Grosser, K., Moon, J., Freeman, R. E., Nelson, J. (2014). Special Issue on: Gender, Business Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility.Business Ethics Quarterly,24(02), 303-306. Knepper, W. E., Bailey, D. A., Bowman, K. B., Eblin, R. L., Lane, R. S. (2016).Duty of Loyalty(Vol. 1). Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Shah, M., Garcia-Alias, G., Choe, J., Gad, P., Gerasimenko, Y., Tillakaratne, N., Zhong, H. (2015). Conflict of interest.Brain,138(1), e332.

Testament of Youth free essay sample

This essay is an analysis and critique of Vera Brittains Testament of Youth. This paper takes an in-depth look at the life of feminist Vera Brittain through analyzing her autobiography, Testament of Youth. The author discusses Brittains experiences during World War I, her relationships, and her frustrating struggle as a female attempting to enter a male-dominated university while also working as a nurse. From the Paper: Vera Brittain?s education, social background and war experiences greatly affected her attitudes about life and her relationships with the various people in her life. She had enough courage and conviction in her principles to believe that a woman?s point-of-view was worthy of being recorded during this period. Many feminists have developed due to turning to education, careers or writing in order to free themselves from the limitations of their place, time and gender. In this way, Brittain?s obscurity, youth and sex are reaffirmed by her construction of her life, so that others might view who and what she is. We will write a custom essay sample on Testament of Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Essay Sample on Solar Power Research Based on the Experiment

Essay Sample on Solar Power Research Based on the Experiment Introduction Sun The heat of the sun is about equivalent to burning a billion trillion tons of coal an hour. Even though only a small fraction of that heat ever reaches the earth it is still more then enough to power the whole world. People seemed to realize the importance of the sun around 30,000 BC. This was when people first started planting crops of wheat. They realized plants did better when planted in the sun over the shade. This caused them to worship the sun as a God. Many cultures built large and extravagant temples to worship the sun in. Other cultures built places to observe the sun in, such as Stonehenge in England. Different Types of Solar Panels There are three main types of solar panels. They are flat plate collectors, focusing collectors, and solar cells. The first kind is a flat plate collector. Flat plate collectors are fastened on the top of the roof of a house. They usually either heat the house or its water. A flat plate collector consists of a black rectangular frame, two or three sheets of glass, and copper plumbing. A flat plat collector uses the greenhouse affect. The sunrays go through the glass but can’t get out through the glass. The sunrays heat the water-filled copper tubes. Then the water is used to heat the home or water. Another type of a solar panel is a focusing collector. They consist of a mirror or mirrors which are focused in one spot. Some focusing collectors are solar furnaces, parabolic dishes and troughs and power towers. The first type is a solar furnace. A solar furnace consists of many mirrors that are aimed at a large curved mirror that is aimed at a large steel building. This building can get as hot as 5,790 F. Scientists use solar furnaces to run experiments to see how certain materials react to extreme heats. They are also used industrially to melt metals. The next kind of focusing collector is a parabolic trough and dish. A parabolic dish looks just like a satellite dish except the dish part is to reflect the sunrays onto the vocal point which is filled with oil. The heated oil is used to produce steam to turn a turbine. A parabolic trough uses the same principles as a parabolic dish. The only differences are how they look, the mirror is shaped like a large feeding trough and the vocal point is an oil filled tube. These are used for either commercial such as in a power plant. The last focusing collector is a power tower. A power tower has many mirrors all focused on a large tower. This tower gets extremely hot. The tower is filled with oil. When the oil is heated it is piped to a power plant where it is used to produce steam that turns a turbine. These are used for power plants. The final type of solar panel is a solar cell. A solar cell usually consists of two layers of silicon that produce an electric charge which is picked up by wires that are laid across the silicon. Solar cells can be used for anything from powering an isolated phone booth to a whole city or even an airplane. History Solar Energy started around 30,000 BC when people first desalinized water, or took the salt out of salt water. In 1,000 BC a king had the water in his castle heated by the sun. Romans passively heated their homes in about 100 AD. In a passive solar home there is no machinery, but there are windows and the floors and windows are made of materials that absorbs heat, like adobe. Solar heating was not used until the late sixteenth century when European scientists started experimenting with the power of the sun. In 1714 many people worked together to create the world’s first solar furnace. In 1720 a Swiss scientist, Horace Benedict de Sasure, built the first modern solar water heater. In 1774 Antoine Lavoiser made a printing press powered by the sun. Later in 1880 in Chile a solar desalinization system was made. Also in 1880 the first solar cells were made. Solar cells when originally made they were very expensive and were not available on the market. Now you can buy solar cells cheaply. Current Applications Today we use solar power to do many things. We use solar power for everything from calculators to large power plants that can power large cities. Most common solar power is used for small things. Many calculators are run by solar cells so they will never run out of batteries. Some watches run on solar cells, too. Also you can buy radios that run on solar cells. There are also many big things that run on solar power. Almost all satellites run on solar power, because otherwise they would run out of power. There are also large desalinization plants that use solar power in places where there is little or no fresh water. There are solar furnaces in many countries. Solar power is also used commercially and residentially. It is also used for many forms of transportation, but these are all in the experimental stage now. Solar powered cars may soon come out. Indirect Solar Power There are three forms of indirect solar power. They are wind power, waterpower, and ocean thermal energy. You might think these have nothing to do with each other or solar power but they do, in some way they each use the sun. The first type is wind power. The reason this is a form of solar energy is because the sun heats the air that creates air currents, or wind. The wind turns propellers that turn turbines which creates electricity. Wind power has been used for a very long time. Places in Europe like the Netherlands have had windmills since the Middle Ages. Though these windmills were used to pump water or to grind grain. The next form is waterpower. This is considered solar power because of the hydrologic cycle. The hydrologic cycle is water evaporating from bodies of water then coming back to earth in different places. This allows them to go back through dams to produce electricity. The water turns turbines, which then create electricity. Waterpower is also an old process it used to be used at sawmills and to grind down grain. The last kind of indirect solar power is ocean thermal energy. Ocean thermal energy is a power plant that uses the difference between the surface temperature and the temperature of the bottom of the ocean to produce electricity. When the cool water meets the hot water it produces steam that turns a turbine to produce electricity. The electricity is then sent to land through wires. This is solar power because the sun heats it. The Solar Future Today the use of solar power is very limited. Today we use very little active solar heating. Though in the future many more homes will be solar heated. More homes will have passive solar heating. Scientists want to make a satellite that will orbit over one place. This satellite would have giant wings made of solar power, this satellite would beam electricity down to earth. This would allow the solar cells not to be obstructed by clouds or buildings. Also ground solar power plants are predicted to be used more frequently. Another thing predicted to be popular is solar powered cars. The drawback of these cars is the fact that you can only travel at high speeds for a short time and they don’t work on cloudy days. Solar powered cars are only used for racing and experiments now. I think if there is another oil crisis there will be much more use of solar power. Solar power will be given more federal funding which will increase studies. The increased studies will make solar power cheaper and more efficient. This will make solar power more available on the market. CONCLUSION I think that solar power is a good alternative energy source. It has many advantages over fossil fuels. One is that the sun is free and does not have to be bought like other fuels. It also doesn’t hurt the environment and it is a renewable energy source. There are a few drawbacks to solar power. One is that it can be expensive to make and can be hard to use on cloudy days. Solar power is also difficult and expensive to store. Another bad thing is that silicon the material that solar cells are made of can be hard to find. If there is another energy crisis like the United States experienced in the 1970’s, solar power will be greatly increased. Federal funding will be increased to promote the studies of solar power. This will make solar power more efficient which will cause it to become cheaper. After the last energy crisis, most federal funding was decreased or stopped. This is very unfortunate because solar power would be far more advanced with more funding. EXPERIMENT Hypothesis: I think that some of the water will get into the inner bowl, this water will be fresh and the salt will still be in the outer bowl. I think that it will work better on sunny days than on cloudy days. Procedure: First I mixed two cups of water with two tablespoons of salt. I put the salt water into a large aluminum bowl. Then I put a small cereal bowl into the large bowl. I covered the large bowl with plastic wrap to keep the water from evaporating out of the bowl. After the bowl was covered I put a weight on the plastic wrap so the water would drip into the cereal bowl after it evaporated. I started this experiment at seven o’clock and then took observations at three and eight; I took all three observations for five days. Observations: On the first day at three there was some water on the plastic wrap after it had evaporated. At eight most of the water on the plastic wrap had dripped into the inner bowl. That day it was sunny. At seven the next there was a little more water in the small bowl. At three that day there was a little on the plastic wrap. At eight the little water on the plastic water had gone into the cereal bowl. It was cloudy that day. In the morning at seven there was no change from the night. At three that day there was a little water on the plastic wrap. At eight most of the water on the plastic wrap was in the cereal bowl. On the fourth day at seven the rest of the water was in the cereal bowl. At three the rest of there was a little on the plastic wrap. That night at eight the rest of the water on the plastic wrap was in the cereal bowl. It was partly cloudy that day. On the last day in the morning there was no change from the night before. At three there was a little more water on the plastic wrap. The water on the plastic wrap was in the small bowl. It was partly cloudy that day. Conclusion: My hypothesis was correct, but I thought more water would be purified then actual did get purified. The water in the cereal bowl had no salt in it. This experiment proves that solar power works and that it works better with no clouds than with clouds.

8 Bad Habits Bosses Hate the Most

8 Bad Habits Bosses Hate the Most It’s easy to get into bad patterns. But the good news is, it’s possible to break out of them! Whether you’re new to the workforce or you just want to make sure you’ve got your ducks in a row, it never hurts to think through the habits bosses find most annoying or repellent and make sure you’re not guilty of any of these professional faux pas. 1. Too Much/Too Little InitiativeIt’s important to show initiative. You should never be sitting around at your desk idly waiting for someone to tell you what to do. Show you love your job by finding productive and helpful things to do! But, on the other hand, don’t overdue it. There’s going the extra mile and then there’s going overboard. Aim for enthusiastic and thorough, not inefficient and excessive.2. Making ExcusesFirst of all, try not to do anything that would require an excuse in the first place. Get your work done. Get to work on time. And if you can’t get there in the time you have, don’t try to pawn off the responsibility. Just fix it. Stay honest and take responsibility for your part in everything. Okay, so maybe you did have a flat tire. Resist the temptation to embellish or to elicit sympathy. Just get back to work.3. WhiningThis includes moaning, moping, and complaining. In today’s economic climate, you’re lucky to have a job. Everybody hates staying late and having to sacrifice family time for work functions- even your boss. You’re all in it together. So save the grumbling and try to find ways to make it work instead.4. Asking Too Many QuestionsIt’s okay- good even- to ask questions when you need something clarified. It’s another thing entirely to ask redundant questions, or questions you could have found answers to on your own. If you can’t keep up intellectually, your boss will notice. Don’t hassle your boss or waste her time.5. Sloppy EmailsJust because some of your coworkers are e xtremely casual in their emailing habits doesn’t mean you should be too. Make sure to use complete sentences and to proofread. And for the love of all things holy, don’t reply all every time. Save that move for when it’s absolutely necessary.6. Taking AdvantageYour boss gives you a little leeway about clock-in times or coffee breaks- don’t take advantage of this and abuse the privilege. Your boss is super informal- don’t take advantage of this and become disrespectful. If your boss gives you an inch, be grateful. Don’t try to squeak out a foot, or worse, a mile.7. NegativityEspecially if your negativity means you badmouth the company- a fireable offense! But the same goes for being super rigid about what your job parameters are. Or being the one who’s always contrary and always saying no and shooting down others’ ideas.8. PolitickingTry not to get caught up in the politics and drama of office controversies. And definitely absta in from gossip. Nobody likes a coworker who is constantly pushing for better position and maneuvering behind their colleagues’ backs.

Case study Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report - Case Study Example This type of operation was facilitated by the ownership of various brands of hotels operated by the Intercontinental Hotel Group. For instance, the Lido holiday inn. The multi-brand ownership strategy made it feasible for the company to operate in large scale. To be specific, a holiday inn hotel had 1000 standard rooms and 355 apartments. The IHG owned 26 holiday inn hotels, not to mention other brands. This ownership strategy was unique by then and was a source of competitive advantage to IHG. Second, the geographic locations of the hotels managed by the company were unique and complemented the purposes for which they were put up. That is, for holiday getaways. The unique geographical location, which could not be imitated by any other company, provided a sustainable competitive advantage for the company. Third, the company actively segmented its target market. Every target market had a suitable brand of hotel. This strategy ensured that the client’s needs were met. Fourth, the company was the first to establish a Chinese website for local customers to improve communication with a wider variety of customers who speak different languages such as English and Chinese. The website also provided a platform for reservations. This strategy was cost effective and efficient. Therefore, was a source of competitive advantage. Positioning strategy of the company involves making plans that make a company stand out among other rival firm. The Intercontinental Hotel Group has implemented the following strategies: first, the company has segmented its target market and provides hospitality services to match with the market need. For instance, on the onset, the company entered the China market with a unique service delivery strategy, including setting up of the first website in Chinese. The strategy facilitated the high market growth rate experienced. The open door policy in China in the year 1978 resulted in the rise in demand for

Amercia Dream through the stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amercia Dream through the stories - Essay Example In the analyzed short stories, namely â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathanial Hawthorn, and â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† by Herman Melville, the main characters fail to reach the American dream in the form it is defined here. The story of the life of the main character of the short story by William Faulkner, Emily, is anything but the American dream. Once belonging to a respected family, she ends her life in the inmost poverty. In fact, it is she who is responsible for such dire conditions of her life. The concept of American dream described above suggests every person has equal opportunities and freedom to become successful in life. Emily neglected the opportunity to restore the reputation of her family. She believes that the rich stay rich even though they lose everything they once had. Moreover, she fences herself off the real life where she could have at least some friends and get help. She also does not take advantage of an opportunity to communicate with people and by this climb out of oblivion and poverty. Overall, it is the hidebound view of the upper-class society to which Emily believes she still belongs that do not let the American dream come true. The fail of the American dream can be also traced in the short story by Nathaniel Hawthorn titled â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. The action takes place in colonial America, and during this historical period it is Puritanism, the purest of all the religion. In this short story, however, this religion is shown from the opposite point of view with all its atrocities and rigidity represented metaphorically by the author. In this very case, it is the society, in which religion is central, is what prevents Goodman Brown from reaching his American Dream. The matter is that when the main character experiences the transition from the ignorance and blind faith to the truth, he sees the real picture of what is

The JFK Assasination Conspiracy Essay Example for Free

The JFK Assasination Conspiracy Essay The Assassination at Dealy Plaza President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas Texas on November 22nd November as his limousine drove through Dealy Plaza. Thousands of people had lined up to view his motorcade including dressmaker Abraham Zaprieder whose film captured the assassination. This happened at 12.30 pm and the president was immediately rushed to parkland Hospital where, despite all efforts to keep hi alive, he was pronounced dead. The time of his death was 1 pm and against the wishes of the Texas authorities, his body was flown to Washington where a further autopsy was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital. On the 25th of the same month, JFK was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery. What followed next was a series of events that left the entire American pubic asking questions of who killed JFK? Lee Harvey Oswald A former marine and defector to the Soviet Union named Oswald was arrested as a suspect on the same day at 2pm. According to the Oliver Stone movie JFK, the assassin spent his summer of 1963 in New Orleans. The attorney that would later investigate in the JFK murder Jim Garrison theorized Oswald as an outsider and Leninist. Oswald has returned to Dallas in 1962 to live in a milieu with intelligence overtones. He married a KGB official’s niece and questions always arise on how the assassin managed to get a high profile job. He was interrogated the whole weekend and as he was being taken to the county facilities, he got shot and died on National television by a local club owner Jack Ruby. False claims put forward by the warren report do not even center on the president’s murder but on Jack ruby. One claim is that Ruby was alone in the killing and that he entered the police basement with the help of the police department probably through an unlocked staircase. This was actually a contradiction as compared to the story corroborated by four officers one of whom failed a polygraph test. This shows conspiracy and corruption among the police. Even president lyndon was later quoted saying that he has no doubt that Oswald was not alone even though its Oswald who pulled the trigger. The Warren report This was ordered by JFK’s successor Lyndon Johnson on 29th November 1963 on executive order 11130 to investigate the assassination of both the president and his assassin. According to the Warren report, the members in the Commission were: Earl Warren, Chief justice of the United States and attorney general of California. Richard Russell, democratic senator from Georgia, and county attorney in that same state. Hale Boggs, a representative from Louisiana. John Sherman Cooper, Republic senator from Kentucky and United States Ambassador to India. Gerald r. ford, Republican representative from Michigan and Chairman of the House Republican conference. Allen Dulles, lawyer and former director of the Central Intelligence Agency. John J. McCoy, lawyer, former president of the international Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and former United States High Commissioner for Germany. It was assisted by lawyers, Internal Revenue service agents, a senior historian, an editor, and secretarial and administrative personnel who were assigned to the commission by Federal agencies at its request. Officials and the Federal government cooperated with the commission who has power to force witness statements by granting protection from being prosecuted to having the witnesses confess under compulsion, though no immunity was given to witnesses during the investigation. It reviewed reports from the FBI, secret service and held hearings with 552 witnesses. The report was presented to president Lyndon on 24th September 1964 and later on, 26 volumes of the Commission’s hearings were published. All these were put on the National archives and Kennedy’s family donated autopsy reports to the archives which were under limited access, and only recognize experts in pathology are approved by the family’s representatives. Critics came up challenging the report’s findings as it had more controversies yet there were witnesses. Oswald was ruled to have fired three bullets with one missing target, and the remaining two which hit JFK and the governor John Connally. Its not understood how Connally was wounded soon after JFK thus the Single bullet theory which indicated that one bullet hit both men. Kennedy’s aid Kenneth O’Donnell who rode in the motorcade later said that he was pressured by the FBI not to say what he believed that, the gunfire came from the front and not the back as indicated by the report. The Single bullet theory The theory’s proponent was Arlen Specter, the present Pennsylvania senator. The Warren commission took the theory and concluded that Oswald was the lone killer of JFK. It states that one bullet his JFK in the back and exited on is neck, hitting Connally in the back, leg and, wrist.   This has come to be termed as the magic bullet. One bullet missed and the third and fatal one hit Kennedy on the head. Dallas doctors argue that it was an entrance wound but the doctors who actually saw the wound insist that it is an exit wound. Conspiracy authors claim that because of the collar slits, it had to be an entrance wound. Which is also a contradiction because, how can a bullet which was able to penetrate the tracheotomy fail to penetrate Kennedy’s shirt. In Dr. charles Carrico’s statement before the warren report, he said that the wound was above the tie and later on, he says that it was in the â€Å"lower 1/3† of the neck. In the movie JFK, Kevin Costner gives a conspiracy version of this theory, what really happened if Connally was seated in front of Kennedy at the same height and facing ahead? The Garrison Investigation Jim Garrison, a New Orleans District Attorney began investigating the assassination in 1966 after arresting a David Ferrie, a pilot and anti castro activist who was connected to Oswald. This led to the arrest of Clay Shaw, a New Orleans Businessman. Garrison believed that the CIA, anti-Castro Cuban exiles, and homosexuals were involved in the assassination. Garrison’s main witness was Perry Russo who claimed that he had attended an â€Å"assassination party† where Shaw, Oswald, and Ferrie discussed on murdering the president. Later on, Russo’s statement was questioned when it emerged that he was hypnotized and a drug called sodium pentothal used on him. Before the hypnotization, Russo failed to mention the party. This evidence led to clay Shaw being acquitted. In the Oliver Stone movie JFK, we see the jury foreman Sidney Herbert claiming that after the trial, he thought more decidedly on the warren report. Another film The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, it can be seen that Russo later returned on his earlier version of statement that there was actually an assassination party. The Medical Evidence An HSCA (House Select Committee on Assassination) was created to handle assassinations of both JFK and Martin Luther King. It has special panels that examined the physical evidence and their finding was a fact that a knoll had been used but missed. The medical panel challenged this when they reaffirmed the single bullet theory earlier visited. The Parkland Hospital doctors’ findings appeared incorrect when the HSCA reports showed that the back of the head was intact with blood free hair, with only a small red spot near the cowlick. In contrast, doctors describe a large gaping wound with brain tissues from the cerebellum extruding. In Dr. Charles Crenshaw’s book conspiracy of silence, he claims of Kennedy’s head at the back blown off, indicating that the grassy knoll was sot from the front. On page 2, he states that the entire right hemisphere was obliterated, and in age 86, he claims that the right hemisphere looked like a crater, an empty cavity. The wound on his neck indicate an entrance wound thus it was a shot from the front. He also claims that knowing that there existed a conspiracy, doctors were afraid to talk. Between the two hospitals, Kennedy’s body had been altered. This leaves us with questions. For instance, was the back of Kennedy’s head blown out? Are the autopsy photos faked? The Bogus Evidence Conspirators believe that the evidence against Oswald was tampered with by the Dallas Police. The police claimed on recovering three cartridges which perfectly correspond to the three shots heard by people at the Plaza. But an Author by the name of Noel Twyman claims that only two spend rounds were found. Evidence of the authorities suppressing evidence was seen when after the assassination; a government agent and an officer were seen picking up a slug. One of Jack ruby’s strip dancers Karen Carlin whose stage name was â€Å"little Lynn â€Å"also came forward and testified that she known of the plot to kill Oswald. After mysteriously disappearing, she came back in 1992 and claimed that Ruby had told her to call him on Sunday morning and later he would send her $25 for her rent and shopping, just before Oswald was shot. This was to create an alibi and justify that it was just an impulsive act of revenge that he shot Oswald. Karen said that Gary Shaw, Carlos Marcello and Santos Trafficante were behind the conspiracy to kill Oswald. It is also seen how witnesses, even the most sober ones made wild and wacky statements. For instance, one witness named JC price claimed that Kennedy and Connally were in different cars and last shot came five minutes later after the first ones. Austin Miller testified that the shots came from inside the limousine. Jack Franzen said that secret service agents were behind the limousine and some had firearms. A.J Millican was quoted testifying that, â€Å"Just after the Presidents car passed, I heard three shots come from up toward Houston and Elm right by the Book Depository Building, and then immediately I heard two more shots come from the Arcade between the Book Store and the Underpass, and then three more shots came from the same direction only sounded further back.† Who Killed JFK? This is the question that will forever remain in people’s mind. The fact that many groups or people had motives to murder JFK makes the case even more difficult and wit many unanswered questions. There are claims that Kenney was killed because he withdrew the American troops from Vietnam during the cold war. Other’s say that Oswald was impersonated by Fidel Castro, the Cuban President who it is believed had motives too because the CIA, Cuban exiles and mob members wanted to eliminate him. Fletcher Prouty believes that it was a coup d’etat to overthrow the government and that is wasn’t an assassination of one man. The shock of the assassination has been covered up and the case is one of the greatest unsolved crimes of the century forty years down the line. Today, polls show that millions of the American public believes that there was a conspiracy and Oswald wasn’t alone. The opinion poll is shown to have risen from 52% in 1963 to 89% in 1993. Journalist Hugh AynesWorth believes that this is the most investigated homicide in history and being a witness himself, he says that e has spent most of his career life in investigating the various theories that have come up in the JFK murder. In his book, he speaks o himself as a young Dallas newspaper reporter who was right in he spot as history unfolded in his very own eyes. To him, its pure and simple that there is no evidence in the unfolding theories. Although the Warren report is faulty, Hugh has no doubt it unfolded right. Works cited Peter Dale Scott, Deep politics and the Death of JFK Scott talks of a conspiracy as seen by the police department in Dallas.    James H. Fetzer, The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK As much as the film captured the murder, here were still controversies with the doctors on the ext spot where the bullet hit JFK. Charles Crenshaw, conspiracy of Silence Shows the many conspiracy theories and Dr.Crenshaw’s story as a physician in Parkland Hospital    JFK, an Oliver Stone Movie    The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes JFK case still not closed, by Joe Havely CNN, The documentary shows the 40 years that have passed and still, the Kennedy assassination continues to fascinate. The Warren Report, http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/index.php viewed on 25th April 2008 Gives a detailed view on the creation of the report, its members, and the critics. The Kennedy Assassination by John McAdams An article on the events from the death of JFK, to the conclusions as per today.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The JFK Assassination, http://www.prouty.org/giamarco.html, viewed on 23rd  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The David Giarmaco story of 1998 when he revisited the JFK murder.

Zinc hyperaccumulation :: science

Zinc hyperaccumulation Zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens as a chemical defence against herbivory ABSTRACT Thlaspi caerulescens is one of several plant species known to accumulate heavy metals in excess of 2% of their above ground plant biomass. The reasons for hyperaccumulation are unknown, but several studies conclude that it may be a plant chemical defence. This has been of interest to biologists because these metals are usually toxic. The accumulation of these metals may serve as a model for coevolution. We examined the effects of zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi on Xanthomonas campestris and found that the plants containing zinc thrived when inoculated with this bacteria, while plants not containing zinc showed signs of deterioration. INTRODUCTION There are several wild plant species that have the ability to accumulate high quantities of heavy metals in their above ground biomass, up to three percent or more. Many of these plants are found in the Brassicaceae family throughout Europe and the British Isles. These plants thrive on mineral outcrops with calamine and serpentine soils rich with high levels of zinc, cadmium, and nickel (Baker et al, 1994). Several theories have been advanced on the reasons for this hyperaccumulation. Boyd and Martens propose that it could be a form of drought resistance, inadvertent uptake, interference, tolerance or disposal of metal from the plant, or a chemical defence against herbivory or pathogens. Several studies have supported the chemical defence hypothesis. Martens and Boyd (1994 and Boyd and Martens, 1994) showed that nickel hyperaccumulation is an effective defence against insect herbivores in two different feeding experiments. Boyd et at (1994) also demonstrated that nickel hyperaccumulating plants resisted pathogens including Xanthomonas campestris. Thlaspi caerulescens J. and C. Presl (Brassicaceae) is a hyperaccumulating plant found in the British Isles. It has been shown to accumulate 10,000 ppm (>1%) of its biomass in zinc (Bakeret at, 1994), and Pollard and Baker (1997) suggest that this is an effective defence against herbivory for this species. This paper explores the effects of zinc hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi as a defence against Xanthomonas campestris. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thlaspi caerulescens seeds were collected in Cloughwood, U. K. These seeds germinated on polyester beads supported in expanded polystyrene rafts floating on one-tenth strength Rorison's solution (Hewitt, 1966). These containers were placed in a Conviron E-15 environmental growth chamber at the following settings: 20 C, 90% RH, 16 hr day, and 8 hr night. After three weeks, twenty seedlings were transferred to 4 rafts composed of expanded styrene on polyethylene, each supporting five plants individually.

How Has the Position of Vice President Changed

How has the position of the vice president changed? (30 MARKS) The position of the vice president has drastically changed in many areas such as the way in which they are voted in, but it is still unchanged in areas like the powers given to the vice president in the constitution. As the role of the federal government and the presidents responsibilities grew presidents began to see the vice-presidency as a source of help in running the executive branch of government.Beginning with the Eisenhower- Nixon administration 1953-61, vice presidents were given more high profile tasks and became in some cases significant presidential advisors in 1977 vice-president Mondale was shown the presidential daily briefing and was given an office in the west wing, Mondale was the first vice-president to receive this but after Mondale this was the normal thing for the vice-presidents.The improved position of the vice-presidency has attracted more significant people to seek the office, over the past 50 ye ars the list of vice-presidents has been a distinguished one, including names such as Lyndon Johnson and Al Gore, of the eleven vice-presidents who held office between 1953 and 2008 four went on to become president, while a further three were selected to run. The election of vice-president Dick Chaney was seen as a bit of a joke not because he was not qualified enough but because he was more qualified than the president George W. Bush, it was said ‘if Dick Chaney were assassinated, Bush would have to become president'.Dick Chaney did not take the roles of a normal vice-president he had lots more power Bush gave Cheney access to ‘every table and every meeting' making his voice heard in whatever area the vice-president feels he wants to be active in. The first two decades of the nations history, the vice-president was the person who came second in the balloting of the electoral college, until the 1804 the 12th amendment changed the vice presidential system, from then on it was elected on a joint ticket with the president so the choice for the potential president Is the choice of the people.Modern day vice-presidents have take on new roles, many have played a role in legislation in congress, this is the role that Dick Chaney who was former member of the house of representatives took for George W. Bush and this is the role that Joe Biden a senator for 36 years plays for president Obama. The vice-president often becomes the party worker, electioneer and fund raiser, Cheney played this role in the run up to the 2002 mid term elections, according to the times Cheney was â€Å"drawing packed crowds and raking in millions of dollars for Republican candidates†.The vice-president may become a major spokesman for the administration, Gore became a regular face at the podium on environmental issues as well as over government efficiency drives. However vice-presidents have always had four powers in the constitution which are still in place today, the vice- president is the presiding officer of the senate, even though this function is rarely performed by the vice-president is usually assigned to junior members of senates chambers, the vice president can also break a tied vote in the senate, which can be very helpful for the president as when there was a tie breaking vote in 2001 on President Bushes $1. trillion tax cut Dick Chaney voted in favour of President Bush, between 1981 and January 2009 vice presidents were called upon to break tied votes on 19 occasions eight of these by Dick Chaney. The vice-president is given the task of counting and then announcing the electoral college results, so in 2001 vice president Al Gore had to announce his defeat in the previous November election.The previous three powers are either of little importance or occur rarely or both, it is the final power that gives the office of vice-president its potential importance. The vice-president becomes president upon death, resignation or removal of the presid ent from office, this has occurred on nine occasions, four times following the assassination of the president, four times following the natural death of the president, and once following the resignation of the president, president Nixon resigned in 1974 after the Watergate scandal.The insignificant powers of the office, coupled with this potential importance led the first vice-president, John Adams to remark of the post ‘in this I am nothing but I may be everything'. More recently the vice president has acquired a fifth power ‘to become acting president if the president is declared, or declares himself disabled, this has been used three times but only for a short time, Dick Chaney was acting president twice but for just over two hours.So there has been some drastic changes in the position of the vice-president, they have taken on a lot more responsibility than they have previously had, gradually getting more and more power, but it depends on the vice president such as Di ck Chaney he was a very powerful vice-president which could be due to his expertise and the lack of experience of Bush in comparison, but some parts of the vice-presidency are still the same as they are still written in the constitution.

Application Letter Essay

I am writing to apply for the position of fireman in the Bureau of Fire and Protection. As requested, I am enclosing a completed job application, my certification, my resume and three references. The chance presented in this listing is very interesting, and I believe that my strong practical experience and education will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. The key strengths that I possess for success in this position include: I am magnificently physically fit and capable in order to sustain the job’s high level of emotionally, mentally and physically demanding activity. I am always ready to jump into action despite the down periods in my job. In addition to attempting to put out fires that might need to help treat victims and perform other vital life-saving or public functions, I provide exceptional contributions to safety of those involved in a fire and offering medical aid to the injured. With a BS degree in Computer Technology and a Civil Service Exam passer last  October 2013, I have a full understanding of the full life cycle of being a fireman. I also have experience in learning and excelling at new technologies as needed. Please see my resume for additional information on my experience.

The Search for Monotheism in the Ancient World essays

The Search for Monotheism in the Ancient World essays As we look back on Early Civilizations and highlight every contribution they have significantly passed on to us, there is one thing that vividly stands out and has had the most lasting impact: religion. In the beginning, the thought of an omniscient, all-powerful God that created life and controlled the universe was irregular and not believable to people. The reason for this pessimism was because the belief in one God could not explain why natural disasters regularly occurred. People did not understand how an omnipotent God could let catastrophic events and terrible occurrences exist, leading them to conclude that a number of gods controlled certain sectors of the globe. They also could not understand why the good suffered and bad prospered. Polytheism, the belief in more than one God, nourished what people wanted to believe and it was the primary form of religion for many years. But more importantly, polytheism provided explanations of the fundamentals for understanding relig ion during the fourth millennium B.C. In this paper, I will compare and contrast the Enuma Elish, Genesis, and Hymns to the Sun and Nile. Each documentation will differ in belief and context because of each cultures concept, locale and source of agriculture, but all found a similar bond in religion: the search for monotheism. In the beginning, the existence of religious documentations was clearly present. With the help of archeologists and anthropologists, we have evidence today that ancient Mesopotamia devised stories of supernatural creations to explain the forces of nature and fundamental elements of science. The ideas and beliefs that the Mesopotamians shared lead one to believe they lived in a simplistic, anarchist society. The religious epic of the New Years Festival that defined their cultural origins was Enuma Elish. The story gives the notion that early religion in the ancient near east concentrated much on subjective folk...

Free French Mobile Applications

Free French Mobile Applications If youre looking for free French apps, youre in luck: there is a wide variety, from dictionaries to learning programs. Heres a list of mobile applications related to French.2Lingua KidsLearn basic French in this app written by and for middle-school students.Classics2GoA small collection of French books.Free French TutorInteractive study tools.FrenchRadioFind French radio while youre on the go.French StartSmall app to begin learning French vocabulary.French Verbs 650Learn French verbs and their English translations.French Word of the Day (Declan Software)A new word every day, with sound file.French Word of the Day (Prometoys Limited)Daily word with translation and sample sentence.French WordPowerDaily word with pronunciation and translation, plus quiz and option to save words.Learn French - French AppsFour apps for learning a bit of French: alphabet, numbers, gender, and phonemes.Learn French by LoquellaLearn and practice French grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation with lessons base d on the Foreign Service Institutes method and materials. Learn French QuickFrench flashcard program.Learn French with BusuuTwenty lessons with option to purchase more.Littrà © French dictionaryDictionary of French from the 17th-19th centuries.Living Language - French for iPadEleven free French lessons, with the option to purchase 35 more.RATPOfficial app to help you make sense of Pariss mà ©tro and bus.SpeakEasy French LiteThe free version includes 169 French travel phrases.If you dont have a mobile device, you might be interested in similar online and offline resources:     French verb conjugator  Ã‚  Ã‚  French vocabulary lessons and lists  Ã‚  Ã‚  French word of the day

Mandatory Voting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mandatory Voting - Essay Example While the current electoral system is not producing a high percentage of citizens voting, the alternatives - to levy incentives or penalties or lower the voting age - do not address the core problems. The American voting process is a well-thought out plan that works, however voter turnout will not increase until citizens relate the importance to their own well-being and lowering the voting age would not help; conversely the institution of an "apathy tax" as penalty for not voting could be effective. As Miller states, the current electoral system in the United States is working just as it should. However, there is no doubt that with the current system, voter turnout has been poor. One of the main reasons for this is that citizens do not view voting as being in their own best interests. They reason that there is nothing tangible realized from voting; no strong motive to do so, and consequently, they do nothing. This is, according to John Dean, columnist for Findlaw.com and former counsel to the President of the United States in his 2003 article "Is It Time to Consider Mandatory Voting Laws", a national disgrace, and rightly so. Generation after generation, the percentage of citizens voting declines. It is critical to note that without a standard in addition to the established voting system, the present problems and issues keeping citizens from the polls will continue. Voters must be prodded in a way which appeals to their sense of obligation to society in order to become properly registered and exercise their right to vote. Citizens must remember there is a social contract with their government which loses its legitimacy if they do not vote. When voters are lax about upholding their end of the agreement, it becomes imperative to look more closely at the role of government and whether the electoral process is focused on the results at the polls or what is the best process for electing the country's leader. It will take a concerted effort to convince citizens to forgo their natural apathy and do what is best for the democratic system of the United States, however, it is not the system itself which must be reformed. Lowering the legal voting age has been proposed by some but to do so would be ineffective in ensuring mature, informed votes. Citizens younger than 18 are not mature enough, nor have they sufficient experience to make an informed voting decision; many would simply vote in tandem with their parents or other influential adults without the ability to use their own critical judgment. However, targeting 18-year-old voters would be very beneficial, as Democrat Joe Coto proposes, according to the 2007 Sacramento Bee article by Jim Sanders, "Register to Vote, Get Diploma". Coto has recently authored a bill, AB 183, which would induce young people to register to vote or be penalized by not receiving their high school diploma. In this way, the message becomes clear that our political system requires citizens "to keep

Family violence Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family violence - Research Proposal Example In this regard, Tjaden and Thoennes (2000) notes, â€Å"Approximately 1.3 million women and 835,000 men are physically assaulted by an intimate partner annually in the United States† (p. 34). The primary victims of these violence and crimes in the families are mostly women and children. In 2001, â€Å"intimate partner violence made up 20% of all nonfatal violent crime experienced by women† (Rennison, 2003). Exposure of Children to family violence is supposed to have adverse impacts on their psychophysical health and cognitive development. These adverse impacts include emotional disorder and distress, delays of physiological and cognitive growth, post-trauma stress, and disruptive external behaviors such absentmindedness, aggressive behaviors and unruliness. The internal symptoms of the violence-affected children include somatic disorders, mental depression, anxiety, etc. Aim of the Study This study aims at contributing to the current literature on the impacts of family on children with new information which will help researchers, scholars and other people who are involved in intervention programs for children exposed to family violence. The author of this study will focus on the following areas: a. What are the most common causes and consequences of family violence? b. The violent partners’ perception of the effects of their behaviors on their children. c. The violent partners’ perception about the way-out of the violence. Inalienability of Family and Children’s Wellbeing from each other: A Theoretical Exploration Children’s wellbeing and sound parental relationship are closely intertwined with each other. Epistemologically, children’s wellbeing refers to an overall psychophysical growth of a child such as cognitive growth, socialization, moralization, etc. Scholars in the field of child’s development, assumes family as an entity that stimulates and facilitate a child’s psychophysical development in many explicit and implicit processes. A family, if viewed from a child-developmental perspective, can be considered as an amphitheater which contains both visible and subconscious components of a child’s growth (Lerner, 1989, p. 34). Researches in this field show that a child’s personality traits, attitude, belief, behavior are grossly influenced first by the interplays between a child and its surrounding in a family. In this regard, Marian (1995) et al says, â€Å"The family is seen as a dynamic context in which the child is both transformer and transformed† (p. 23). Consequently, ‘parenting’ –both directly and indirectly- is supposed to exert huge influence on the development of a child. In his book, Belsky (1984) focuses on what factors of parental behavior and how they influence the child-rearing and the development of a child. In this regard, Belsky as well as Bronfenbrenner emphasize on two factors, husband-wife relationship and parent -child relationship, as most influencing. In order to elucidate the reasons of child-abuse, Belsky (1984) notes, Specifically, marital relations, social networks, and jobs influence individual personality and general psychological well-being of parents and, thereby, parental functioning and, in turn, child development.† (p. 84) Importance of Healthy Parental Relationship on Children’s Wellbe

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Family Law - Essay Example U.K.’s family section 8(1) of the Children Act 1989 states that the children must live 50 percent of the growing up with one parent1. Consequently, the children will live the remaining 50 percent of their children years with the other spouse. The essence of the shared residence rule prevents the issue that one parent is better than the other parent. This was the ruling in the D v D (Shared Residence Order case) 2001 1 Flr 4952. The shared residence complies with section 1 of the Children Act of 1989. The section emphasises that the children’s welfare is paramount compared over the welfare of either of the parents. Each parent has equal time rights and decision rights to the development of the children. The Children’s Act of 1989 is grounded on the Law Commission 1986 Working Paper no. 96. The law ensures that both parents are not denied their right to make equal decisions on the children’s schooling, abode, and other related family decisions3. Childrenâ₠¬â„¢s Minister Tim Loughton stated that the state had the duty to ensure the fathers are not eliminated from the child development equation. The fathers have the right have the children live with the father on equal basis, removing the issue of discrimination. In fact, Mr. Loughton stated that the move was to reverse the current United Kingdom scene where children were not given their right to personally feel their fathers’ love, affection, and caresses. ... Consequently, most of the children were refused their right to share time with their fathers. The judge referred to the case T v T judgment stating that court should bring the greatest benefits of the children. The court should never prevent dividing the children’s rights and the father’s right to have 50 percent of the children’s time say with the father4. In terms of case law, A v B Anor [2012] EWCA Civ 285 (14 March 2012) states the court of appeals granted the father’s request to contact his child. The child was living with the spouse’s divorced wife. The wife was a lesbian5. The case states the decision is based on what is best for the children’s interest. The child’s interest includes the child’s need for the father to contribute to the child’s nurturing. The father complainant complies with all the legal requirements of a father role. Consequently, the father prays that the court grant his right to be with his chil d. The court decision states that the father should be granted his right to implement his father image. Specifically, the court can enhance his father –children relationship. The relationship includes providing for the food, clothing, shelter, school, medical, and other real life father responsibilities. By filing a complaint with the court, the court interprets the father’s complaint is convincing proof that the father is serious in his desire to fulfil his right to act as the child’s father. Eric must not get in the way of preventing the father’s right to have the children live with the parent. In the same way, Eric should not prevent the children’s right to stay with the father. By forcing Belinda to North of England, Eric can be charged for preventing the â€Å"stay with child† right of both the

Theories on Employee Satisfaction and Motivation

Theories on Employee Satisfaction and Motivation This chapter first reviews the HR practices followed in the manufacturing firms in India. Secondly it has a closer examination on the employee satisfaction, motivation, theories on motivation and finally on the factors influencing employee satisfaction. Employees are the important assets of an organization. Many organizations fail to succeed due to employees. Employee motivation is one of the major aspects responsible for organizations prosperity. The motivated employees have the better performance than the unmotivated employees do. Employees performance varies depending upon the motivational level of the employees. Human management practices Human resource management plays a vital role in an organization to achieve the organizational objectives. Each individual possess different skills, abilities and background. Therefore, the organization has to employ the appropriate programs to develop the employees effectively. HRM systems responsible in the successful implementation of employee participation will likely enhance the value of the organization (Arthur, 1994). The authors (Huselid, 1995; Wright, Dunford, Snell, 2001) of strategic human resource management have said that employees behaviors and motivation can effectively be improved through HR practices. The activities of Human resource management are achieved through organization goals. The human resource management (HRM) practices influence the satisfaction of employees in meeting the expectations of the employees. The HRM practices such as involvement programs, performance based compensation , career management practices, performance management , open job -listing and job transfer practices plays a critical role in enhancing the level of motivation. However the response in the Indian manufacturing firms to these critical factors are insufficient towards employee motivation (The Indian express Ltd, 2009). The activities of human resource are human resource policies and human resource planning which involves the recruitment and selection, job design, training and development, wage and welfare management, employee health care benefits, labour relation assistance(photanan,2004). Guest (2002) examined that effect of HRM on Employee performance depends upon the attitude of the Employee towards HRM Practices; hence, the HRM Practices in an organization will be followed depending on the Employees Perception. Wood (1999) and Guest (2002) has focused that the employee commitment and competence is responsible for the successful implementation of Business Strategy. Cooke (2000) has argued that individuals efficiency and effectiveness are more significant than the competitiveness and productivity hence the HR practices such training plays a vital role to increase the individual performance through increased knowledge and skills. The improved productivity of an organization is due to the increased commitment of an employee. The Incentives scheme apart from the associated cost benefits the organization (summers Hyman, 2005). The use of HR practices shows the stronger relationship with the firms productivity in the High growth industry (Datta Et al, 2003). The employee will show an adaptable effort if proper performance management is linked with the compensation system. Qureshi M Tahir and Ramay (2006) have defined Job as a combination of set of activities such as duties, responsibilities, working conditions and expected skills of individual performing the job. Many researchers have proved that employee outcomes have direct relationship with the HR Practices (Sels, et al 2006). These researchers (Collins, Ericksen, Allen, 2005) have examined that the small business units have found that the HR practices has significant relationship with the outcomes of an Employee. In this study, the motivation is found to be the most important activity of HR activities. The HR manager must overlook on the motivational program to different levels of employees in an organization. HRM PRACTICES Employee Satisfaction Organization and structure Mission and Values Company Leadership Opportunity Job satisfaction Pay and benefits Rewards and Recognition Relation between HRM practices and Organization performance OToole and Meier (2008) have examined the relationship between the organization performance and the employees attraction and development of their abilities. However, the previous research has focused the relationship between the HRM outcomes like job satisfaction and the performance of the public organizations. Ostroff (1992), Kim (2005) and Meier Hicklin (2007) have given the relationship between the factors such as job satisfaction, employee turnover and organizational performance. Since the early 1980s, the studies on the HRM in the firms which are privately owned have stressed on the HRM principles. Research has proved that studies have an increased focus in the HRM. (Boselie, 2002). Several authors (Paauwe, 2004 ; Bowen Ostroff , 2004 ; Pfeffer 1995 ; Wall Wood, 2005 ; Boselie et al ., 2005) have supported the assumption that the higher quality of HRM principles that are followed in an organization would lead to the better performance of the employees in the organization. Alt hough many results have found the relationship between the HRM and the performance, there is no clear existence of such relation discovered (Bowen ostroff, 2004). Several authors (Beer, Lawrence, Mill and Walton, 1984) have examined the relation between the HRM practices. For example, the relation between HRM practices such as selection, rewards, training and performance of both individual and organization Relation between the Employee satisfaction and HRM practices Bowen and ostroff (2004) has proposed that employee perceptions play an important role in translating HR practices into desired outcomes in an organization. Furthermore they put on theory by arguing that the employee perceptions of HRM practice are significantly important in an organization .However they have focused not only on the HR practices with respect to the employees behavior that are supported and rewarded by management but rather than HR practices of employees attributions. Thus, the climates for safety-focused behaviors are expected and rewarded. (Zohar, 1980).Schuler Jackson ( 1987) have examined that several authors in the research studies have proposed that every organization establishes the HR strategy in which employees are considered as the assets to exert high quality products and services. The firm likely to have made investments for the continuous development of employee skills, the management also motivates the employees to work hard to achieve the goals moreove r the management focuses on the benefits of the employees in terms of compensation, performance pay above revenues and profits of the organization. In contrast, some firms also adopts the strategy towards the low cost ion theories such as considering employees as cost to control, focused more on the rules and regulations of the organization, quantifies the employee output.(Bamberger Meshoulam ,2000). Schuler Jackson (1987) have proposed that employees are seen as the replaceable workers based on low costs, In contrast Osterman (1994) argued that the firm should possess the responsibility to adopt the innovative work practices such as enhancing skills, commitment and motivation rather than reducing costs. According to the underlying managerial philosophy of employee welfare if employees perceive that the HR practices are motivated towards well-being then employees feel satisfied rather than the management cares less about the well-being of the employees. Importance of motivation Motivation is generally driven for the unmet needs of the employees that help to satisfy the employees through their efforts. The needs of the employees could be the emotional and economic expectations that are influenced by both external and internal environment of the firm. The economic expectations have risen significantly in the last decades. However, the firms in the manufacturing sector face difficulty to meet the rising expectations whereas the emotional expectations have proved to be reasonably fair (The Indian express Ltd, 2009). Every individual has motives that are influenced certain factors to achieve better performance (Kressler 2003). The word motivation is derived from the Latin word Movere which means to move (Kressler 1998). These Researchers (Higgins 1994, as cited by Linder, 1998) has defined Motivation as the internal drive of every individual to satisfy the unmet needs. To achieve the specific unmet needs the individual behave in a purposeful manner (Linder 1998). Jones and George (2004) has stated that the motivation drives the psychological forces of the individual that determines the persons level of effort, the direction of persons behaviour in an organization and persons level of determination in face of the obstacles. The concept of motivation is directly linked to the concept of morale, which states that employee feels positive or negative about the work in the organization. Thus from the above definitions of motivation it is understood that motivated work force or the creating an environment for maintaining high levels of motivation remains a challenge for todays management. Motivation theories Motivation theories help managers with the methods to increase the productivity of the organizations. The Motivation theories, industry and society are linked by the motivation factors and the relationship between is diagrammatically represented as follows Motivation Factors Motivation theories Industry Society Source: Bhatti et al (2008) Many researchers have proposed theories based on the concept of employee motivation and its role in enhancing employees performance in every organization. In this research discussion on some of the motivational theories will include Maslow (Need theory), Hertzberg ( two factor theory) , Mc Gregor ( theory X and Y), Vrooms( Expectancy theory ) are as follows. Maslows hierarchy of needs Maslow conducted an investigation into the human behavior between 1939, and 1943. After his investigation, he suggested that the human needs were classified into five categories that are arranged in a hierarchy of importance. These include Physiological needs Safety needs Belongings needs Esteem needs. Self-actualization needs. According to him, a person is motivated primarily to satisfy his physiological needs. As long as the employees remain unsatisfied, they turn to be motivated only to fulfill them. When the physiological needs are satisfied, they cease to act as primary motivational factors and the individual moves up the hierarchy and seek to satisfy the security needs. This process continues until finally self-actualization needs are satisfied. Source: Chapman (2004) Physiological needs Physiological needs are the most basic needs in the Maslows hierarchy and these needs are required to satisfy the minimum survival of the person, which includes food, water, oxygen, sleep, sex and sensory satisfaction. Some of the organizational factors are required to satisfy the needs include the minimum pay necessary for survival and working conditions. Flexible work schedule allowing opportunities for leisure time, vacation, medical leave etc. Good working conditions are provided to all employees of the organization they must not feel any physical strain. Providing a sufficient salary to fulfill their necessities such as shelter, medicine, clothing and food. Once the satisfactory salary is made available to the employee, then he will in a position to fulfill his needs, salary becomes less important and security needs comes in front such as savings plan. In Maslows hierarchy of needs, the money is directly related to physiological needs since money ensures a safety and comfortable environment. Moreover, pay should prove motivational especially to the employees who have strong low level needs. Suppose if the employees receive a healthy pay raise, doubtless, the raise will not only give them prestige among family and friends but also sign their competence as a worker. Thus pay can also function to satisfy the social, esteem and self -actualization needs. If pay has this ability to fulfill a variety of needs, then it should have especially good potential as a motivator (John, 1996). Safety and security needs Once the physiological needs of the employee are satisfied, safety and security needs would come forth. Needs for safety and security includes financial security, stability, dependency and freedom from fear and anxiety. Under organizational conditions the needs include are safe working conditions, fair and sensible rules and regulations, job security, pension and pension plans and freedom to unionize. According to Maslow, these needs must be minimally satisfied before an employee is concerned with social and belonging needs at work. Social needs According to Maslow, this need is also known as belongingness and love. Social needs include love, affection and friendship with people, especially with spouse, children and friends. Organizational factors that might meet the needs include the opportunity to interact with others on the job, friendly and supportive supervision, teamwork and finally to develop new relationship. According to Maslows theory employees in the organization gain to attain things such as salary, benefit and safe working conditions naturally prior to accepting a job. Esteem needs Once the employees feel satisfied with their pay and benefits at work, they are likely feel to distinguish and be recognized. The need for esteem includes self-respect, self -esteem and esteem for others, which are focused internally and externally. Internally the esteem needs includes a desire for strength, achievement, mastery, confidence, independence and freedom. Externally the esteem needs include desire for reputation or prestige, status, fame, dominance, attention etc. organizational factors that might satisfy these needs include the opportunity to master task leading to feelings of achievement, responsibility, awards, promotions, prestigious job titles and professional recognition. Although all employees does not get the opportunity to get responsibility and status , but generally every employee like to be praised and appreciated for doing a good job. Self-actualization The self-actualization is the highest need in Maslows hierarchy includes the need for self-actualization, continuous self-development and finally becoming the best one among all. Organizational conditions that might meet these needs include Providing challenging and rewarding work. Opportunities to be innovative and creative. Certain degree of autonomy is provided in the challenging environment. Steers (1991) has proposed that higher level of needs are not so important until the low level of needs are satisfied. Thus, it is likely to achieve a higher-level need to attain before a lower level need is completely satisfied. Thus, Maslow examined that working adults are satisfied about 85 percent of physiological needs, 70 percent of safety needs, 50 percent of their social needs, and 10 percent of their self -actualization needs. Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory According to Herzberg, the theory is also known as two-factor theory. He stated that their will certain satisfiers and dissatisfiers for employees at work. Intrinsic factors are related to Job satisfaction and extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction. Herzberg, Mausner and snyderman (1959) referred to factors that influence job satisfaction as motivators because these factors motivate the employees to performance the work better. Conversely, the factors that cause dissatisfaction are referred to as hygiene factors. According to them, the motivational factors include Sense of achievement, Recognition by others, and Responsibility within the job, Advancement and personal growth, Work itself. The Hygiene factors include Pay, Job security, working conditions, Company policy and administration, Level and quality of supervision ,Interpersonal relationship (Naylor, 1999). Those factors that are related to dissatisfaction are called hygiene or nonsatisfiers, maintenance factors, or events. These factors are related to the work environment of the job, which is also referred to as Extrinsic factors (Peretomode, 1991; Ukeje Okorie Nwagbara, 1992; Whawo, 1993). Herzbergs has been faced several important criticisms. King (1970) has proposed that the model has five different theoretical interpretations. Second, a number of scholars believe that that the model that the model does not give sufficient attention to individual differences are , in fact, important moderators of the effect of job enrichment. People commonly argue that money is a primary motivator, but surveys show that other factors motivate more. For example, a survey by development dimensions international published in the UK times newspaper in 2004 interviewed 1,000 staff from companies employing more than 500 workers, and found more than 500 workers, and found many to be bored, lacking commitment and looking for a new job. Pay actually came fifth in the reasons people gave for leaving their jobs. The main reasons were lack of stimulus jobs. Moreover, no opportunity for advancement-classic Herzberg motivators-43 percent left for better promotion chances, 28 percent for more challenging work, 23 percent for a more exciting place to work, 21 percent and more varied work (Chapman, 2004). It is interesting that, despite the number of criticisms against Herzberg model, Herzbergs motivation -hygiene theory is still popular among corporate managers. Source: From Management (p. 545), by J. Naylor, 1999, Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. McGregors theory This theory was proposed by Douglas Mc Gregor in 1960. He has underpinned assumptions about the approaches taken by managers towards the Employees. Theory X assumptions Individuals especially dislike work. Individuals should be committed to do work to achieve the objectives. Individuals expect the supervisors to direct the work. Theory Y assumptions Individuals view the work to be natural. Individuals learn to accept and seek responsibility. The abilities such as imagination, creativity, ingenuity can be used to solve work problems in the organization. In modern organizations, the intellectual potential of the employees are only partially utilized. McClellands theory of needs This theory was proposed by David C McClelland in 1985. This theory focuses on the following three needs: Achievement, Power and Affiliation which are as follows: Need for Achievement An individual feels the need to outrival to achieve and to succeed. Thus the employees who are in need of achievement do not contribute any challenging work to the organization, and then the motivation will not be seen in them. Need for Power An individual with the high need for power are interested in monitoring others activities rather than self-performance. Thus the employees who are in the need of power will take personal responsibility, provide feedback and they take high risks. Need for Affiliation An individual with the need for affiliation will like to perform the tasks individually rather than work with others. Thus the employees who are in high need to affiliation prefer to spend more in maintain social responsibilities. Vrooms Expectancy (VIE) Theory Vroom has developed the Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy (VIE) in 1964. The expectancy theory is one of the accepted theories of motivation. It tells about the relationship between expectation and outcome and then motivating individuals come down into three important variables that include effort, performance and outcome (The Certified Accountant, 2008) and the relationship is illustrated below Vroom has proposed the mathematical function for motivation, which involves three cognitions. The equation is as follows. Motivation = expectancy X à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (valences X Instrumentalities) Motivation = expectancy X à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (valences X Instrumentalities) Gregoriou (2008) has suggested that the employee is motivated to show a maximum level of effort when he /she believe that their effort leads to good performance appraisal. The personal goals of the employee will be satisfied when he/she is rewarded by the organization. In other words the theory focuses on the following three relationships such as Effort-performance relationship, Performance-reward relationship and rewards- personal goals relationship. The above relationships are shown in the figure Ability Environment Personal Goals Individual Performance Individual Effort Organization Rewards Source: Gregoriou (2008) The above figure explains that the majority of employees offer minimum outcome are not motivated towards their jobs. The workers do not show much commitment towards the production when their effort are not recognized by their employers, when they are not rewarded by the organization and when the expected reward is not attractive personally. In simple words, the expectancy theory concentrates on the understanding of the target of the individual and the relationship that exists between his/her effort, performance, reward and satisfaction. Theories of job satisfaction Three theories of job satisfaction will be briefly discussed below: Affect Theory, Dispositional Theory, and Job Characteristics Theory: Affect Theory Edwin A. Locke developed the Affect Theory in 1976. According to this theory, the differentially weighted work is closely related to the expected pay. The decision has a greater positive effect on his or her overall assessment of job satisfaction. Satisfaction is determined by a disagreement between what one wishes in a job and what one has to do in a job. Employees become satisfied or unsatisfied depending on the expectations faced by him at the work place. When the expectations are met, the person feels satisfied and values the work he carries out and finally shows a higher positive impact on his performance. When expectations are not met , the impact on job satisfaction is negative. Dispositional Theory Timothy A. Judge proposed the Dispositional theory in 1998, a well-known job -satisfaction theory. This theory states that employees at the work place have intrinsic dispositions that cause them to have tendencies towards a certain level of satisfaction. This theory explains that job satisfaction tends to be steady overtime across careers and jobs. The basic idea is that satisfaction is directly related with the need and that implies something to be satisfied. He has proposed four core self- evaluations such as self-efficacy, general self- efficacy, locus of control and neuroticism that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction. In this model, Higher levels of self-esteem and general self -efficacy lead to higher job satisfaction. Focus on Internal locus of control leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism leads to higher job satisfaction Job Characteristics Theory Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham have proposed the Job characteristics theory in 1976. This theory is based on five core job characteristics such as skill variety, Task significance, autonomy and feedback. These five job characteristics are further related to these critical psychological states such as experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes and knowledge of the actual results. These, in turn, influence work outcomes such as job satisfaction, absenteeism and work motivation. Therefore, if employees are allowed to complete the task by fully utilizing a variety of skills, it is likely that they perceive their job as meaningful that leads to high job performance and high intrinsic motivation. Therefore, if employees are able to accomplished the work completely then they fell satisfied with what they have accomplished which in turn leads to low absenteeism and high turnover. Core Job Dimensions Critical psychological states Personal and work outcomes Skill variety Task identity Task significance Experienced Meaningfulness of the work Experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work Knowledge of the actual results of work activities Feedback Autonomy High satisfaction with the work High quality work High internal work motivation Low Absenteeism and Turnover Employee Growth and strength Source: Celik (1999) Employee Satisfaction Armstrong (2000) has proposed that the HRM is the strategic management where the members of the organization are responsible for the achievement of organizational objectives. According to SHRM, employees are considered as important assets in the organization. These Researchers (Wallale, Eagleson Waldersee 2000) have argued that the HR strategy of an organization should be focused more on developing skills and ensuring motivation and commitment. According to Hunter (1997), Employees are loyal and productive when they are satisfied, and these satisfied employees influence the customer satisfaction as well as organizational productivity (Porterfield 1999).These Researchers (Cranny , Smith Stone 1992) has defined Employee satisfaction as the combination of affective reactions to the discrepancy perceptions of what he/ she wants to receive. The satisfied employees will work more willingly and contribute to the effectiveness of the organization. Good working conditions, Training and Educ ation, Good Relationships with the colleagues, High salary, opportunities, career developments and other benefits may be related with the employee satisfaction. These researchers (Moyes, Shao Newsome 2008) has investigated that employee satisfaction differs from one employee to other employee, that is, an employee may be more satisfied by a satisfying item whereas the other employee may be less satisfied with the same item . This shows that Employee satisfaction should be analyzed from a larger perspective. To investigate the factors responsible for employee satisfaction and measuring the employee satisfaction at the work place is important for the success and profitability of the organization is gaining the competitive advantage in the market scenario (Kelley 2005). Therefore, various factors responsible for employee satisfaction on different areas (such as manufacturing industry, service industry etc) will enrich the literature. Factors affecting Employee satisfaction Several factors determine an individual motivation level. There are two forms of motivation namely intrinsic motivations and extrinsic motivations. Intrinsic motivation results from satisfying an individual belief and values whereas, extrinsic motivation are based on tangible good or service to the individual (Kreps 1990). Deci and Ryan (1985) have proposed that every organization should determine intrinsic and extrinsic factors that motivate employees. In addition, an individual shows his or her satisfaction of an activity depending upon the reward value of the organization. Deci (1971) found a relationship between the external rewards and internal motivation. The intrinsic motivation decreases when the employee receives an extrinsic reward and intrinsic motivation increases when the individual receives the positive verbal reininforcement and positive nonverbal feedback. Therefore, Immediacy is viewed as a reward that enhances intrinsic motivation. Among several factors Communication, Learning and Growth, Working conditions and Employee Engagement are considered as the most significant factors influencing Employee satisfaction from company point of view. Learning and Development These researchers (Delaney Huselid 1996, Huselid 1995, Koch Mc Grath 1996, Mac Duffie 1995) have examined Employee development as the most important determinant of Company performance. Most of the HRM practices related to the development of the human resources of the firm. The development of knowledge or skills of the employee depend upon the technical and non- technical training offered by the company. This shows that the company investments for training have a greater positive effect towards achieving the performance of the employee in the firm. Francesco and Gold (2005) argue that the training and development focus on planning, individual learning, career development and organization development. Molander (1996) has defined Training and Development as the systematic process focused on acquisition of skills, knowledge and attitudes that lead to organizational performance. In addition, the low training in organizations may tend to lose their attractive to the present and potential labour. Harzing and Van Ruysseveld (1995) have stated that there are certain areas to be focused in the training which, are developing the knowledge of the person towards organizational objectives, specific job and task skills, knowledge about understanding the local situation such as social, legal and cultural issues of the environment .Therefore developing the specific personal skills of the employees to perform well in that environment. Training is the most important factor for the employee retention. Employees who receive extensive training will realize about the company investment and show their commitment towards achieving the goals of the organization (Butler 1999). Clark (2001) has pointed out that the care and concern for employees and opportunities for growth are the most significant drivers in establishing the employee loyalty. Moreover, he argued that care and concern for employees could be delivered through employee training. When the employees are trained, specialized and educated, opportunities for growth on the personnel level as well as within the organization will come into existence. The need for Employee training and development is determined by the Employee performance deficiency, which is given as follows Training and Development Needs = Standard Performance Actual Performance Arondhekar et al (n.d) has proposed that any training and development contain certain inputs that enable the employee to gain skills, learn the theoretical inputs that help them to look into the distant vision. The inputs of training and development are as follows Skills Education Development Ethics Attitudinal changes Decision-making and Problem solving skills. Importance of Training and Development in the organization Arondhekar et al (n.d) has stated there are many benefits of Training and Development to the organization as well as to the employee which are categorized as under Benefits for the organization. Benefits for the Employee. Benefits for the organization Enhances communication between the group and individual. Assist in orientation of new employee especially those who take new job through transfer or Promotion Provides information in equal opportunities and affirmative action. Provides information on administration policies and other Government laws. Improves Interpersonal skills Make